a commercial refrigeration unit accidentally releases (6.05x10^1) ml of ammonia gas at satp determine the mass and number of molecules of ammonia released

Answer:

Option A = 17.03 g/mol

Explanation:

Given data:

Atomic mass of nitrogen = 14.01 g/mol

Atomic mass of hydrogen = 1.008 g/mol

Molecular mass of NH₃ = ?

Explanation:

Molecular mass of NH₃ = (14.01 g/mol × 1) + (1.008 g/mol × 3)

Molecular mass of NH₃ = 14.01 g/mol + 3.024 g/mol

Molecular mass of NH₃ =  17.03 g/mol

Ammonia consist of hydrogen and nitrogen both are nonmetals that's why ammonia is an covalent compound.

To determine the percent ionization of the acid given, we make use of the acid equilibrium constant (Ka) given. It is the ration of the equilibrium concentrations of the dissociated ions and the acid. The dissociation reaction of the HF acid would be as follows:

HF = H+ + F-

The acid equilibrum constant would be expressed as follows:

Ka = [H+][F-] / [HF] = 3.5 x 10-4

To determine the equilibrium concentrations we use the ICE table,
         HF             H+              F-
I      0.337           0                 0
C      -x              +x               +x
---------------------------------------------
E    0.337-x        x                   x 

3.5 x 10-4 = [H+][F-] / [HF] 
3.5 x 10-4 = [x][x] / [0.337-x] 

Solving for x,

x = 0.01069 = [H+] = [F-]

percent ionization = 0.01069 / 0.337 x 100  = 3.17%

The percent ionization of a 0.337 M HF solution : 3.2%

According to Arrhenius, acids are substances which, when dissolved in water, release Hions.

An HₓY acid in water will ionize:

HₓY (aq) --------> xH⁺ (aq) + Yˣ- (aq)

Example:

HCl -------> H⁺ + Cl⁻

The amount of Hions produced by 1 acid molecule is called valence acid, whereas acidic residuals are formed after the release of Hions.

Usually, the name acid begins with the word acid followed by the name of the remaining acidic ion

The ion concentration of a weak acid is determined by the value of the acid ionization constant (Ka).

The greater the value of Ka, the greater the dissociated acid produces its Hion and the greater its acidity

HF is a weak acid

Weak acid ionization reaction occurs partially (not ionizing perfectly as in strong acids)

The ionization reaction of a weak acid is an equilibrium reaction

HA (aq) ---> H + (aq) + A- (aq)

The equilibrium constant for acid ionization is called the acid ionization constant, which is symbolized by Ka

The values ​​for the weak acid reactions above:

The greater the Ka, the stronger the acid, which means the reaction to the right is also greater

The degree of ionization (symbol α) is the ratio of the amount of ionizing substance to the amount of substance dissolved

α = amount of substance ionizing : amount of substance dissolved

HF decomposition reaction

HF ---> H⁺+ F⁻ if there is 0.337 M HF, then

[tex]\rm Ka=\dfrac{[H^+][F^-]}{[HF]}[/tex]

3.5 x 10⁻⁴. = x. x : 0.337-x (0.337-x is considered proportional to 0.337 because x is very small)

1,179.10⁻⁴ = x²

x = 0.01086

α = 0.01086: 0.337

α = 0.0322

α = 3.22%

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The amount of energy needed for a reaction to take place is called activation energy. It determines the rate at which a chemical reaction occurs.

In a potential energy diagram, the amount of energy needed for the reaction to take place is called the activation energy. Activation energy is the minimum energy required for reactant molecules to collide with sufficient energy to form a high-energy activated complex or transition state. It determines the rate at which a chemical reaction occurs, with higher activation energy leading to slower reactions and lower activation energy leading to faster reactions.

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We need an equation that would relate the concentration of the original solution to that of the desired solution. To solve this we use the equation expressed as follows, 

M1V1 = M2V2

where M1 is the concentration of the stock solution, V1 is the volume of the stock solution, M2 is the concentration of the new solution and V2 is its volume.

M1V1 = M2V2

12.0 M x V1 = 3.50 M x 75.0 mL

V1 = 21.88 mL

Therefore, we need about 21.88 mL of the 12.0 M of hydrochloric acid solution to make 75.0 mL of the 3.50 M hydrochloric acid solution.

Final answer:

The volume occupied by 15.6 g of H2O(g) at 36.2 degrees Celsius and 1.25 atm can be calculated using the Ideal Gas Law. The volume is approximately 18.13 liters.

Explanation:

To find the volume occupied by 15.6 g of H2O(g) at 36.2 degrees Celsius and 1.25 atm, we can use the Ideal Gas Law, which is PV = nRT. Here, P is the pressure, V is the volume, n is the number of moles, R is the gas constant, and T is the temperature in Kelvin.

First, we convert the mass of water to moles:

Next, we convert the temperature from degrees Celsius to Kelvin:

Now we can plug these values into the Ideal Gas Law:

So, the volume occupied by 15.6 g of H2O(g) at 36.2 degrees Celsius and 1.25 atm is approximately 18.13 liters.

The empirical formula of phosphorus selenide, formed from a reaction between 45.2 mg of phosphorus and selenium resulting in 131.6 mg of the compound, is P4Se3.

To determine the empirical formula of phosphorus selenide, we have to find the ratio of the number of moles of phosphorus to the number of moles of selenium. First, convert the mass of each element to moles. The molar mass of phosphorus (P) is 30.97 grams per mole, and the molar mass of selenium (Se) is 78.97 grams per mole. Thus, we have 45.2 mg of P = 0.00146 mole and 86.4 mg of Se (= 131.6 mg - 45.2 mg) = 0.0011 mole.

Then, find the smallest whole number ratio of moles of P to Se, by dividing both by the smallest amount. The ratio of P:Se is 1.33:1, which is close to 4:3 when multiplied up.

So, the empirical formula of phosphorus selenide is P4 Se3.

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Determine the empirical formula of phosphorus selenide follows steps involving mass calculations and mole conversions, leading to the empirical formula of P₄Se₃.

To determine the empirical formula of phosphorus selenide, follow these steps:

Calculate the mass of selenium in the compound:

Mass of selenium = Mass of phosphorus selenide - Mass of phosphorus

Mass of selenium = 131.6 mg - 45.2 mg = 86.4 mg

Convert the masses to moles:

Moles of phosphorus (P):

45.2 mg P × (1 g / 1000 mg) × (1 mol P / 30.97 g P) = 0.00146 mol P

Moles of selenium (Se):

86.4 mg Se × (1 g / 1000 mg) × (1 mol Se / 78.96 g Se) = 0.00109 mol Se

Determine the simplest whole number ratio of moles:

Ratio of P to Se = 0.00146 / 0.00109 ≈ 1.34

The ratio of P to Se is approximately 1.34:1. This ratio is close to the simple fraction 4/3. Therefore, the ratio is adjusted to 4:3 to yield whole numbers.

Based on this ratio, the empirical formula of phosphorus selenide is P₄Se₃.

Answer:

The empirical formula of phosphorus selenide is P₄Se₃.

Answer:

Explanation: In an atom, there is a nucleus at the center that has protons and neutrons inside it and the electrons are present in different shells(energy levels) around the nucleus. These shells(energy levels) are divided into sub shells(sub energy levels).

To know more about the position and other information about an electron present in an atom we use a set of four numbers known as quantum numbers.

The four quantum numbers are:

principal quantum number:- It's denoted by n and it has an integer values 1, 2, 3 and so on. It's tells us about the shell in which an electron is present.

Azimuthal  or orbital angular momentum quantum number :- It's denoted by l and its values are (n-1), where n is principal quantum number.

for example, if n = 1 then l = 0

n = 2 then l = 0 or 1

n = 3 then l = 0, 1 or2

and n = 4 then l = 0, 1, 2 or 3

l = 0 indicates the electron is in s subshell.

l = 1 indicates the electron is in p subshell.

l = 2 indicates the electron is in d subshell and

l = 3 indicates the electron is in f subshell.

Magnetic quantum number :- It's denoted by ml and it has values from -l to +l values.

It determines the number of orbitals and their orientation within a subshell.

for example, l = 0 then ml = 0

l = 1 then ml = -1, 0, +1

l = 2 then ml = -2, -1, 0, +1, +2

l = 3 then ml = -3, -2, -1, 0, +1, +2, +3

Spin quantum number :- It is denoted by ms and it does not depend on other quantum numbers. It tells us if the spin of an electron is clockwise or counter clockwise.

it has +1/2(clockwise) or -1/2(counter clockwise) values.

The four quantum numbers are written in the order n, l, ml and ms.

If we look at the given two sets of quantum numbers then values of n, ml and ms are same but the value of l is different.

Value of n is same means both electrons are in same energy level. Value of ms is same means the spin of both the electrons is same.

Value of l for the first set is 2 means the electron is present in d-subshell. Value of l for the second set of quantum numbers is 1 means the electron is present in p-subshell.

choice A is not correct as the electrons are in different subshells.

Choice B is also not correct as the electrons spin is in same direction.

Choice C is correct as the electrons are in same energy level but different sublevels.

Final answer:

Atoms H-2 (deuterium) and He-3 both have 1 neutron each, which means they have the same number of neutrons.

Explanation:

The student has asked which atoms have the same number of neutrons. To find this out, we must compare the nucleon number (sum of protons and neutrons) for each atom and subtract the atomic number (number of protons) to get the number of neutrons.

For H-1 (protium), it has 1 proton and no neutrons.

For H-2 (deuterium), it has 1 proton and 1 neutron.

For H-3 (tritium), it has 1 proton and 2 neutrons.

For He-3, it has 2 protons and 1 neutron.

For He-4, it has 2 protons and 2 neutrons.

From this, we can see that H-2 (deuterium) and He-3 both have 1 neutron.

Therefore, the correct answer is (2) H-2 and He-3 have the same number of neutrons.

The total heat needed to heat ice from -12°C to 0°C, melt the ice at 0°C, and heat the liquid water from 0°C to 27°C is 2778 J.

To calculate the total heat needed for the three processes, we need to calculate the heat needed for each process separately and then add them together.

Heating the ice from -12°C to 0°C

The heat needed for this process can be calculated using the following equation:

Q = m * C * ΔT

where:

Q is the heat in Joules (J)

m is the mass of the ice in grams (g)

C is the specific heat capacity of ice in Joules per gram degree Celsius (J/g°C)

ΔT is the change in temperature in degrees Celsius (°C)

The mass of the ice is 5.88 g, the specific heat capacity of ice is 2.09 J/g°C, and the change in temperature is 12°C (from -12°C to 0°C). Substituting these values into the equation above, we get:

Q = 5.88 g * 2.09 J/g°C * 12°C = 147.47 J

Melting the ice at 0°C

The heat needed to melt the ice can be calculated using the following equation:

Q = m * Δh_fus

where:

Q is the heat in Joules (J)

m is the mass of the ice in grams (g)

Δh_fus is the latent heat of fusion of ice in Joules per gram (J/g)

The latent heat of fusion of ice is 6.02 kJ/mol. We need to convert the mass of the ice to moles first.

0.327 moles = 5.88 g / 18.0 g/mol

Substituting the mass of the ice in moles and the latent heat of fusion into the equation above, we get:

Q = 0.327 moles * 6.02 kJ/mol = 1.96653 kJ = 1966.53 J

Heating the liquid water from 0°C to 27°C

The heat needed for this process can be calculated using the following equation:

Q = m * C * ΔT

where:

Q is the heat in Joules (J)

m is the mass of the liquid water in grams (g)

C is the specific heat capacity of liquid water in Joules per gram degree Celsius (J/g°C)

ΔT is the change in temperature in degrees Celsius (°C)

The mass of the liquid water is 5.88 g, the specific heat capacity of liquid water is 4.184 J/g°C, and the change in temperature is 27°C (from 0°C to 27°C). Substituting these values into the equation above, we get:

Q = 5.88 g * 4.184 J/g°C * 27°C = 663.82 J

Total heat

The total heat needed for all three processes is:

Q_total = Q_1 + Q_2 + Q_3 = 147.47 J + 1966.53 J + 663.82 J = 2777.82 J

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I think the correct form of the equation is given as:

a = a0 * (0.9)^t

where t is an exponent of 0.9 since this is an exponential decay of 1st order reaction

Now to solve for the half life, this is the time t in which the amount left is half of the original amount, therefore that is when:

a = 0.5 a0

Substituting this into the equation:

0.5 a0 = a0 * (0.9)^t

0.5 = (0.9)^t

Taking the log of both sides:

t log 0.9 = log 0.5

t = log 0.5 / log 0.9

t = 6.58 years

Answer:

half life = 6.58 years

Answer:

6.58 years

Explanation:

The Biuret test is a simple and quick method to detect proteins in a sample, and a positive result is indicated by a color change from blue to violet or purple. The correct answer is proteins.

Biuret reagent is used to test for the presence of proteins in a sample. The Biuret test is a chemical test used to detect the presence of peptide bonds in proteins and peptides. When Biuret reagent, which contains copper(II) ions, is added to a solution containing proteins, the copper(II) ions react with the nitrogen and oxygen atoms in the peptide bonds to form a violet or purple-colored complex. This color change indicates the presence of proteins.

The Biuret reaction is not specific to proteins; it can also react with compounds that contain two or more peptide bonds. However, it is most commonly used to detect proteins in biological samples. The test is not quantitative, but it can give a rough estimate of the amount of protein present based on the intensity of the color change.

 The Biuret reagent typically consists of a solution of potassium hydroxide (KOH) and copper(II) sulfate (CuSOâ‚„). The alkaline solution (KOH) denatures the proteins, exposing the peptide bonds, and the copper(II) ions form the characteristic colored complex with the peptide bonds.

 In summary, the Biuret test is a simple and quick method to detect proteins in a sample, and a positive result is indicated by a color change from blue to violet or purple.

To solve this we use the dilution equation used in chemistry, 

M1 V1 = M2 V2

where M1 is the concentration of the stock solution, V1 is the volume of the stock solution, M2 is the concentration of the new solution and V2 is its volume.

M1 V1 = M2 V2

1.25 M x V1 = 0.500 M x 180 mL

V1 =72 mL of the concentrated solution

Therefore, the correct answer would be option C.

Answer : 24 atomic mass units (amu)

Explanation : Taking into consideration that the oxygen isotope has the molecular mass as 18 amu and the isotope of hydrogen will be tritium which will have the molecular mass as 3 amu.

The water molecule has two hydrogen and one oxygen; which means 2H and 1 O = [tex] H_{2}O[/tex]

So, to calculate the largest mass that a water molecule could have using other isotopes will be;

(2 X 3) + 18 = 24 amu.

So, the largest mass that a water molecule can have is 24 amu.

The largest mass that a water molecule could have using other isotopes = 24.0312

The elements in nature have several types of isotopes

Isotopes are atoms whose no-atom has the same number of protons while still having a different number of neutrons.

So Isotopes are elements that have the same Atomic Number (Proton)

Atomic mass is the average atomic mass of all its isotopes

In determining the mass of an atom, as a standard is the mass of 1 carbon-12 atom whose mass is 12 amu

So the atomic mass obtained is the mass of the atom relative to the carbon atom

[tex]\large {\boxed{mass~average~atom~X~=~ \frac {mass\: isotope ~ 1 + mass ~ isotope ~ 2} {whole ~ atom ~ X}}[/tex]

An atomic mass unit = amu is a relative atomic mass of 1/12 the mass of an atom of carbon-12.

The 'amu' unit has now been replaced with a unit of 'u' only

for example, Carbon has 3 isotopes, namely ₆C¹², ₆C¹³, and ⁶C¹⁴

To determine the largest molecular mass for air, we use the largest isotope mass of Hydrogen and Oxygen as its constituent elements

Hydrogen (1 H) has 3 stable natural isotopes, namely ₁H¹, ₁H², and ₁H³

There are also unstable isotopes obtained through the synthesis in laboratories ₁H⁴, ₁H⁵, ₁H⁶ and ₁H7⁷

While Oxygen (₁₆O) has 3 natural isotopes ₈O¹⁶, ₈O¹⁷, and ₈O¹⁸

If we use the largest mass of isotopes, we use stable isotopes ₁H³ and ₈O¹⁸ to form 1 H₂O water molecule

₁H³ = 3,016 049 amu

and the atomic mass of ₈O¹⁸ = 17,999 amu

So that the mass of the water molecule

= 2. The atomic mass of ₁H³ + 1. atomic mass ₈O¹⁸

= 2. atomic mass of 3,0161 amu + 17,999 amu

= 24.0312

Water itself has no atomic mass, because water is a molecule

And we should be able to distinguish between the number of mass and atomic mass

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To remedy overly acidic soil, use lime to raise pH, add organic matter like compost, and monitor pH levels regularly for optimal plant growth..

To remedy soil that is overly acidic (low pH), gardeners can take several steps to raise the pH to a more neutral or slightly acidic range, which is typically better for most plants.

Here’s how you can do it:

1. Test the Soil pH: Use a soil pH testing kit or send a sample to a lab to determine the current pH level accurately. This will help you gauge how much adjustment is needed.

2. Add Lime: Lime is the most common amendment used to raise soil pH. There are two main types:

Follow the application rates recommended based on your soil test results. Lime should be worked into the soil thoroughly for best results.

3. Use Wood Ash: Wood ash from hardwoods (like oak or maple) can also raise soil pH because it contains potassium carbonate. However, its use should be limited and monitored due to its high alkalinity and potential to raise pH too much if over-applied.

4. Add Organic Matter: Incorporating organic matter like compost, well-rotted manure, or peat moss can help buffer pH levels and improve soil structure over time. While organic matter alone won't drastically change pH, it can make the soil more hospitable to plants that prefer slightly acidic conditions.

5. Avoid Aluminum Sulfate and Ammonium-Based Fertilizers: These can lower pH levels, so they should be avoided in soils that are already acidic.

6. Monitor and Retest: After making amendments, retest the soil periodically (every few months or at least annually) to monitor pH levels and make adjustments as necessary.

7. Consider Plant Preferences: Some plants prefer acidic soils (e.g., blueberries, azaleas), so make sure the pH adjustments align with the needs of the plants you intend to grow.

By carefully applying these methods, gardeners can gradually raise the pH of overly acidic soil to create a more balanced environment for healthy plant growth.

The pH of acid is between 0-7 on pH scale while for base pH range is from 7-14. Therefore,  the pH of solution is  1.84. pH is a unitless quantity.

pH is a measurement of amount of hydronium ion H₃O⁺ in a given sample. More the value of hydronium ion concentration, more will be the solution acidic.

On subtracting pH from 14, we get pOH which measures the concentration of hydroxide ion in a given solution. pH depend on the temperature. At room temperature pH scale is between 0 to 14. pH of neutral solution is 7.

Ka for  Co (H2O)[tex]_6[/tex]³⁺ is 1.0 ✕ 10⁻⁵

Ka = 1.0 ✕ 10⁻⁵

x²/[0.3-x]x =1.0 ✕ 10⁻⁵

Substituting all the given values in the above equation,  we get

[H+]= 0.014

The formula for calculating the pH of solution is given as

pH = -log [H+]

pH = 1.84

Therefore,  the pH of solution is 1.84.

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The molarity of HCl will be "1.5 M".

Molarity,

Volume,

According to the dilution equation,

→  [tex]M_1 V_1= M_2 V_2[/tex]

or,

→       [tex]M_2=\frac{M_1 V_1}{V_2}[/tex]

By substituting the given values, we get

→             [tex]= \frac{0.500\times 30}{10}[/tex]

→             [tex]=\frac{15}{10}[/tex]

→             [tex]= 1.5 \ M[/tex]

Thus the above is the appropriate answer.

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Answer: There are exactly 3 different types of atoms in one molecule of aluminum hdroxide.

Hope this helps!

Answer:

Much lower than ketone is more stable than enol. N, 4-Dimethylpent -4-en-2-Amine (NH_3 protonated in acidic protoned in acidic conditions) d. [Proton cannot re extracted from OH in acidic conditions to firm O^(-)].

A positively charged ion, or cation, results when an atom loses electrons, resulting in more protons than electrons. In this case, the ion with 38 protons and 36 electrons carries a 2+ charge due to the excess of two protons.

In an atom, the number of protons determines the atomic number and identifies the element. Normally, an atom is neutral, having the same number of protons and electrons. However, when an atom gains or loses electrons, it becomes an ion and carries a charge. In the case of your ion, it has 38 protons and 36 electrons. The positive protons outnumber the negative electrons by two, so your ion carries a 2+ charge.

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