Briefly describe why the development of the microscope was important in biology.

Past Super power British Empire, Soviet union.

Present super power USA

Future Super power China, India.

Answer:

Nitrogen fixation is the name of the process in which the atmospheric dinitrogen is converted into a form which can be used by the plants for their growth. The nitrogen fixation is done by a soil bacteria called as rhizobia which lives in symbiotic association with the root nodules of the leguminous plants. The bacteria converts the atmospheric dinitrogen into ammonia and nitrates which are readily absorbed by the plants. In return the the bacteria obtains the carbohydrates from the plants as a source of food.

Answer:

Both the parents must be the carrier of recessive genes along with dominant gene

Explanation:

Recessive genes are genes that are expressed only when two recessive alleles are inherited from the parents.

A dominant gene is expressed in two cases a) when two dominant alleles are inherited or b) when one dominant and one recessive allele are inherited.

since parents have normal fur color but they are producing white fur coloured deer  (Albinitic offsprings)  this means that both of the parents must be the carrier of recessive genes.

Let the allele for “normal fur colour” be expressed by C

Allele for “white fur color” be expressed by c.  

Both the parents have heterozygous dominant gene (which is carrier if recessive allele "c"), thus their genotype would be Cc

Let see the punnet square below -

C c

C CC Cc

c Cc cc

Out of the four offspring’s produced only  “cc” represents white fur deer.  

The given questions involve biology, with an emphasis on animal behavior and learning mechanisms such as ingrained actions, different types of learning, and the role of mirror neurons in observational learning.

The questions listed span a range of topics but seem to primarily engage with concepts in biology, specifically those related to animal behavior. When examining innate behavior, animals exhibit certain actions from birth without being taught, such as a human baby's grasping behavior, which is crucial for survival as it strengthens attachment and ensures care from parents.

Cognitive learning in animals can be intriguing, demonstrated by the crow vending machine, which showcases a bird's ability to use tools and solve problems, indicative of associative learning. Different learning types, such as trial and error and observational learning, provide insight into how animals adapt and survive. While trial and error involve actions based on different outcomes, observational learning occurs through mimicking others' behaviors, a process facilitated by mirror neurons that activate both when an animal performs an action and when it observes another doing so.

These nuances in animal behavior are critical for student understanding in an educational setting, often explored in high school biology curricula. Additionally, considering the effectiveness of a student's learning process itself can sometimes mirror the same evaluative patterns seen in animal behavior studies.

the maximum number of copies an unaffected individual is expected to have is two, reflecting the diploid nature of organisms and the fact that they inherit one allele from each parent for a given gene.

What is the maximum number of copies an unaffected individual is expected to have?

In a diploid organism, an individual carries two alleles for each gene, one inherited from each parent. Therefore, the maximum number of copies of alleles that an unaffected individual is expected to have is two.

Diploid Organism: Humans and many other organisms are diploid, meaning they have two sets of chromosomes (one from each parent). This includes two copies of each gene.

Alleles: Alleles are different versions of a gene that can occupy the same position (locus) on a chromosome. For any given gene, an individual inherits one allele from each parent.

For example, if a gene for eye color has alleles "B" and "b," an individual might inherit "B" from one parent and "b" from the other.

Number of Alleles in a Population: The question mentions that there are eight alleles in the population. This means that, for a particular gene, there are eight different variations or versions (alleles) present in the entire group of individuals.

Number of Copies in an Unaffected Individual: Since an individual is diploid, they have two copies of each gene. Therefore, for a gene with eight alleles in the population, an unaffected individual is expected to have a maximum of two copies.

Answer:

(D). DNA fragments containing repeats are labeled with radioactive probes.

Explanation:

DNA fingerprinting can be defined as a process, which involves identification of DNA characteristics of an organism as unique in all organisms as fingerprints.

There are total five steps in DNA fingerprinting, which include isolation of DNA from the cells, digestion of DNA with restriction enzymes, separation of DNA fragments in agarose gel, transfer of DNA fragments to a blotting paper, and labeling of DNA fragments with radioactive probes of specific sequence to see the results.

Thus, the correct answer is option (D) as represents that last step of DNA fingerprinting.

The chemical formula of a compound describes the elements of compound contains and the ratio of elements in the compound

For example, the chemical formula for water is H2O. This tells us that water is made up of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. The ratio of hydrogen to oxygen atoms in water is 2:1.

Another example is the chemical formula for carbon dioxide, CO2. This tells us that carbon dioxide is made up of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms. The ratio of carbon to oxygen atoms in carbon dioxide is 1:2.

Chemical formulas are important because they allow us to identify and characterize compounds. They also allow us to calculate the amount of each element in a compound and to predict the chemical properties of a compound.

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The pigments involved in photosynthesis are located in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts, which is where the light-dependent reactions take place.

The pigment molecules responsible for photosynthesis, such as chlorophyll, are located in the D) thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast. Within these membranes, chlorophyll and other pigments absorb light energy, which is essential for the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. The thylakoids are disc-shaped structures stacked into grana, and these are where the initial steps of photosynthesis occur.

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Any astronomical body that revolves around a larger body is known as Satellite.

A natural or an artificial body which revolve around the planet in order to collect essential information or for communication is called as Satellite.

It can be natural or artificial. The moon, planet or machine that orbits a planet or star are satellites.

Earth  can be called satellite as it orbits the sun, similarly the moon is a satellite as it orbits Earth.

Artificial or  man made satellites are designed usually to collect the essential data like climate reports, temperature, humidity, gaseous content and  for communication.

Man made satellites are designed in a certain way that with a less time it can collect more information compared to ground level instruments.

Hence, an astronomical body that revolves around a larger body is called as satellite.

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Answer: Lysosome

Explanation:

This is an double membrane organelle found in the cytoplasm of the eukaryotic cell which contains variety of digestive enzymes.

Lysosomes contain enzymes such as DNAses, proteases, RNAses, cellulase and other digestive enzymes which act on the specific biomolecules and degrade the.

The lumen of lysosomes is acidic in nature thus, the foreign substance which gets ingested in the cell is easily digested by the enzymes.

In the given question since, the engulfed bacteria is digested by the enzymes which could have been provided by the lysosomes there fore lysosomes is the correct answer.

Final answer:

Wilted plants regain firmness through osmosis, which restores turgor pressure when water enters the cells, counteracting plasmolysis and providing structural support.

Explanation:

During osmosis, wilted plants become firm as water is absorbed into the plant cells, increasing turgor pressure. This pressure stiffens the cell walls and enables the plant to stand upright. In a dehydrated plant, the extracellular fluid becomes hypertonic, causing water to leave the plant cells and resulting in wilting. When the plant is watered, the environment becomes hypotonic, water enters the cells due to the slightly hypertonic nature of the cytoplasm, and turgor pressure is restored. Nonwoody plants rely on this turgor pressure for structural support. If a plant remains without water for too long, plasmolysis can occur, where the cell membrane detaches from the non-flexible cell wall as water leaves, exacerbating the wilting condition. Providing adequate water to the plant will reverse plasmolysis, restore turgor pressure, and return the plant to a firmer state.

Answer:

B. RFID.

Explanation:

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is designed to replace conventional barcode scanning. Bar code reading requires the reader's approach to the code, with exact angle and interpretation time. Basically it is the same used in supermarkets and various stores.

RFID reading technology utilizes short-range communication that can be automatically read by sensors when passing the RF tag carrier. Same task more efficiently, less time and greater accuracy. That is, this technology allows radio signals to send and receive information.

The inner plexiform layer (IPL) of the retina contains bipolar and amacrine cells, which RGCs synapse with to receive excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs, respectively.

Their central processes connect with ganglion cells, a particular type of neuron found close to the inner surface of the retina, on the vitreous surface of the retina.

And their central processes exit the globe via the optic disc to create the actual optic nerve. The optic nerve is distinctive due to a few characteristics.

The retina's output neurons are called retinal ganglion cells, or RGCs for short.

The optic nerve receives the retina's nerve signals after they have traveled through the back of the eye. These signals are delivered by the optic nerve to the brain, which perceives them as visual images.

Therefore, Axons of ganglion cells form the optic tract. These fibers' synapse in the eyes.

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They covert carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight into carbohydrates.

Male testes are located in the scrotum outside the body to maintain an optimal temperature for sperm production, which is slightly cooler than the body's internal temperature.

The male testes are located in the scrotum outside the body due to temperature regulation. The process of sperm production, or spermatogenesis, requires conditions that are slightly cooler than the body's typical internal temperature. Being located in the scrotum allows the testes to remain at an optimum temperature, approximately 2-4 degrees Celsius cooler than the body's core temperature, which contributes to efficient and healthy sperm production.

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