List two types of molecules that can be used to show an evolutionary relationship what is their function

Answers

Answer 1
Genes are sequences of DNA that code for polypeptides (which constitute proteins) With the sequencing of a variety of organismal genomes, it has been found that many organisms that are not closely related, still retain particular genes in common These genes are said to be conserved and typically serve a critical role in controlling organismal development Examples of such genes that are ultraconserved include: Regulatory genes (e.g. coding for protein-based hormones) Genes encoding for tRNA (needed for translation to occur) Genes involved in ATP production (e.g. coding for the cytochrome proteins in the electron transport chain) The number of conserved genes can be used to show evolutionary relationships between organismsOver the course of millions of years, mutations will accumulate within any given segment of DNA The number of differences between comparable base sequences can be used to demonstrate the degree of evolutionary divergence Non-coding sequences of DNA provide the best means of comparison as mutations will occur more readily in these sequences Gene sequences mutate at a slower rate, as changes to base sequence can potentially have detrimental effects on protein structure and function Protein similarity (based on amino acid sequence) can also be used for comparison, but will have the slowest rate of change due to codon degeneracy Some genes or protein sequences may accumulate mutations at a relatively constant rate (e.g. a 1% change per million years) If this rate of change is reliable, scientists can calculate the time of divergence based on the number of differences between two species This concept is called the molecular clock, and is limited by a number of factors: The rate of change can differ for different groups of organisms (e.g. animals and plants) The rate of change can vary between different genes and different proteins Over long periods, earlier changes may be reversed by later changesMitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is an important tool for tracing evolutionary relationships within a species Mitochondria DNA is structurally identical to nuclear DNA, but differs in a number of important ways: Descent via maternal line: mtDNA is inherited from the mother only, providing a much more direct genetic lineage Lack of recombination: As mtDNA is passed directly from the mother, no recombination occurs, maintaining fidelity of the maternal sequence Higher mutation rate: Mitochondria produce reactive oxygen species which cause non-conserved sequences to mutate at a faster rate High copy number: As every cell has multiple mitochondria, larger amounts of mtDNA can be gathered for sampling Because of these differences, mtDNA sequencing is ideal for comparing organisms within a species or those who have diverged in a relatively short time (~20 million years) Distinctive human mtDNA sequences have been found in different global populations and have been used to divide the human population into distinct haplogroups All humans are thought to be able to trace their origins back to one of seven super-haplogroups derived from an original haplogroup - the 'mitochondrial Eve'The term phylogeny describes the evolutionary development of a species This evolutionary divergence can be represented in a branching diagram called a phylogeny tree (or cladogram) These diagrams can be used distinguish between, and trace the evolutionary history of, biological taxa or even groups of taxa (clades) The branching of the phylogeny tree can be based on structural features, protein similarities or, more commonly, genome comparisons Species that have fewer branching points between them are more closely related to one another
Answer 2

Final answer:

The two types of molecules used to show evolutionary relationships are DNA sequencing, which compares genetic material to find common ancestry, and protein sequencing, which compares amino acid sequences to reveal evolutionary links.

Explanation:

Types of Molecules Showing Evolutionary Relationships

Scientists explore evolutionary relationships through various types of evidence including morphological and genetic. To show these relationships, two key types of molecules are used: DNA sequencing and protein sequencing.

DNA Sequencing

DNA sequencing is crucial as it reveals the genetic blueprint of organisms. By comparing DNA sequences, scientists can deduce how closely related different species are. Genetic similarities indicate a common ancestor, and thus a closer evolutionary relationship. For example, extracting DNA from fossil remains allows comparisons between extinct species and those still living.

Protein Sequencing

Protein sequencing involves analyzing the sequence of amino acids in proteins. Proteins are vital to an organism's function, with their specific sequences reflecting the evolutionary path of an organism. Comparative protein sequencing between species can show evolutionary connections dating back over millions of years. This is because proteins change over time, accumulating mutations that can be tracked.


Related Questions

When platelets attach to collagen threads in an injured vessel the platelets swell, form extensions and then stick together. as a result of these steps what structure is formed?

Answers

Answer is: platelet plug
 
When platelets stick to each other and to the blood vessel they form a plug in the hole of the vessel. This process is called platelet aggregation.

Before the plug forms,  a platelet will stick to the blood vessel (adhesion), change its shape and signal other platelets to come help (activation and secretion). Then they stick to each other (aggregation).




Platelet swell, form extensions, and stick together upon contact with exposed collagen and underlying connective tissue in a damaged vessel, forming a platelet plug. This is part of the body's natural hemostasis and is assisted by von Willebrand factor and other substances released by platelets.

When platelets attach to collagen threads in an injured vessel, they undergo a series of transformations. They swell, form extensions, and then stick together to initiate the formation of a platelet plug. This process involves the activation of platelets by chemicals released from the injury site and contact with underlying collagen. Platelet plug formation is a crucial step in the body's natural hemostasis mechanism. von Willebrand factor assists the platelets in adhering to the collagen and endothelial lining, which stabilizes the growing platelet plug.

As more platelets accumulate, they release additional substances into the plasma that promote the coagulation process, such as thrombin receptors which enable the conversion of soluble fibrinogen to fibrin, creating a mesh that hardens and contracts to complete the clot. This is the cellular response to vessel injury and is indispensable for preventing excessive blood loss.

How is the California quail adapted to live in the chaparral biome?

Answers

The California quail has adapted to live in the chaparral biome due to crepuscular activity. Crepuscular activity refers to animals who active during the twilight hours.

(I lived in California for 20 years, so I know this) :)

Answer:

They can acquire their moisture from insects and succulent vegetation but in extreme period the chaparral birds can fly to distant water sources in this arid biome they must leave for looking water, with theirs color they can camouflage in the foliage against the depredation. During drought years, the plants eaten by California quail inhibit its reproduction because of several compounds chemicals.

Which is not be a mechanism through which an infectious disease can emerge?
a. decreased transmissibility
b. different portal of entry
c. increased incidence
d. increased virulence?

Answers

The correct option is A.
An infection disease is a type of disease which a person can acquire as a result of contact with the person who has the disease or as a result of contact with body fluids from that person. Infectious disease can be spread through increased virulence, increased incidence and different portals of entry. A decreased transmissibility reduces the probability of an infectious organism been transmitted.

Most genetic diseases result from mutations that cause a gene to produce a non-functioning ______________, which in turn blocks the functioning of a metabolic pathway

Answers

I think it's enzyme.

Students planted three bean seeds. after several days, they observed that the seeds' roots were growing downward into the soil. which type of topism were the roots displaying?

Answers

1.A 
2.c
3.b
4.d
5.A
made 100%

A device in which a chain reaction is initiated and controlled with the purpose of producing electrical power is called _____.

A. a nuclear reactor
B. breeder rods
C. protons and neutrons
D. spent fuel

Answers

I believe the answer is A but i'm not 100% sure

A device in which a chain reaction is initiated and controlled with the purpose of producing electrical power is called a nuclear reactor.

A nuclear reactor is a device that is created to control a chain reaction in order to produce a steady flow of neutrons created by the fission of heavy nuclei. Nuclear reactors are differentiated by their uses into research reactors and power reactors. The research reactors are used for conducting basic research and to produce medical isotopes for cancer treatment and imaging, while power reactors are mainly used for generating electricity.

Boxlike shape, green organelles, and a nucleus off to the side. what type of cells were these?

Answers

They're plant cells. The green organelles should be chloroplast. They're responsible for photosynthesis.

What capillaries have endothelial cells pierced by filtration pores that allow the rapid passage of small molecules?

Answers

The answer here is “fenestrated”. Fenestrated capillaries have pores in the endothelial cells that are covered with a diaphragm of radially oriented fibrils and permit little amount of molecules and partial amounts of protein to diffuse. They are 60 to 80 nanometers in diameter.

Which of the following is a major step involved in the formation of life from non living things

A. The formation of oxygen molecules.

B. The formation of water.

C. The formation of hydrogen molecules.

D. The formation of hydrogen molecules.

Answers

I think the most important one would be  C or D because they are the same??

Answer:

The correct answer will be option B (The formation of water).

Explanation:

It is difficult to determine origin of life because of the lack of facts which supports the origin of life and theories are mostly hypothetical. But with fossil evidence and radiometric dating of the oldest rocks, we can assume that life began at least 3.5 billion years ago.

Life originated in presence of water as:

1. Geological evidence shows that liquid water might have been present on Earth 4.3  billion years ago.

2. Properties of water providing medium for reactivity, its ability for H-bonding, heterogeneous catalysis and self-organization supported life.

3.Evidence shows that earliest form of life in the tree of life were hyper-thermophilic and thermophilic complex bacteria which lived in systems composed of hot water system such as hydrothermal systems found in areas of volcanic activity.

Thus, life must have water. So, option B is the correct answer.

How can zoning laws be beneficial to a city’s residents? a. They prevent new business development. b. They can prevent new development that would harm established residents. c. They limit the maximum height of buildings. d. They restrict who can live in a city.

Answers

The right option is; b. They can prevent new development that would harm established residents.

Zoning laws are laws that are created to specify the areas in which commercial, residential, industrial, or recreational activities may occur. Zoning involves grouping land in a town into zones in which certain land uses are prohibited or allowed. Through zoning, the governments regulate the physical development of land and buildings, and restrict how people can use their properties.

Zoning method helps in preventing the new development that would harm the established resident.

Further Explanation:

Zone law is described as the use of land. It is also stated as the use and development of real estate. The zoning regulation helps in restricting the area of development by municipalities. New York City adopted this idea in 1916.

The common idea of developing the zoning method is to divide the function of the municipality into commercial, residential and industrial. These parts are separated from each other and the use of the property is uniform. They allow the requirement of the type of building, address the utility lines, determine the height and size of the building and they also limit the number of rooms. It also includes the frontage area or lot, front, back and side yard and it also minimizes the lot area. The regulation also restricts the area of a single family to areas to multiple families. The zoning regulation helps in preserving the historical or cultural heritage and the green covering.

Learn More:

1. Learn more about the fibrous skeleton of the heart https://brainly.com/question/7301375

2. Learn more about blood cells bring oxygen and take carbon dioxide away https://brainly.com/question/1213217

3. Learn more about the system prepares food for absorption into the bloodstream https://brainly.com/question/310282

Answer Details:

Grade: High School

Subject: Biology

Chapter: Environmental science

Keywords:

Zone, land, estate, zoning, municipality, commercial, residential, industrial, uniform, historical, cultural, building.

When assessing a client who gave birth 12 hours ago, the nurse measures an oral temperature of 99.6° f (37.5° c), a heart rate of 82 beats/minute, a respiratory rate of 18 breaths/minute, and a blood pressure of 116/70 mm hg. which nursing action is most appropriate?

Answers

The nursing action appropriate for this kind of case is encouraging increased fluid intake

The rationale behind this is that around the first day of postpartum, slight dehydration usually causes a slightly elevated temperature; the nurse should also encourage increased fluid intake to counter dehydration. Aspirin is contraindicated in postpartum clients because its anticoagulant effects may induce the risk of hemorrhage. Reassessment in vital signs every 4 hours is sufficient to evaluate the effectiveness of hydration measures. If the patient’s oral temperature exceeds 38 degrees Celsius or 100.4 degrees Fahrenheit, the nurse should request an antibiotic order since this may suggest an infection.

Carbon monoxide poisoning in homes is an unlikely health problem. True of False .... I put False

Answers

False would be the correct answer.
False, it is often undetected and most people have smoke alarms but not carbon monoxide detectors so it's a major problem.

In guinea pigs, dark hair (D) is dominant over light hair (d) and curly hair (C) is dominant over smooth hair (c). Complete a dihybrid cross for parents with the genotypes: DdCc × DdCc and answer the following in complete sentences.

1. Describe how you would set up a Punnett square for this cross.
2. List the likelihood of each possible offspring genotype.
3. List the likelihood of each possible offspring phenotype.

Answers

First you need to see how the alleles can exist on their own. So FOR DdCc you can get: 
DC 
Dc 
dC 
dc 
the above alleles is what you do the cross with. In my diagram I will replace small c with u so that it doesn't get confusing, so you are crossing: 
DC 
Du 
dC 
du 

DDCC 1 = 6.25% Dark curly hair 
DDCu 2 = 12.5% Dark curly hair 
DdCC 2 = 12.5% Dark curly hair 
DdCu 4 = 25% Dark curly hair 
DDCu 1 = 6.25% Dark curly hair 

DDuu 2 = 12.5% Dark smooth hair 

ddCC 1 = 6.25% light curly hair 
ddCu 2 = 12.5% light curly hair 

dduu 1 = 6.25% light smooth hair 

The likelihood/probability of dark curly hair is 62.5% 
The probability of dark smooth hair is 12.5% 
The probability of light curly hair is 18.75% 
The probability of light smooth hair is 6.25 

An infectious disease is an infection that impairs the normal state of health.
a. True
b. False

Answers

I think the answer is {b.false}
Infectious diseases are diseases that spread from one person to other either directly or indirectly. I think this is the answer.

What is the contribution made to the development of the microscope by Max Knott and Ernst Ruska? first to document careful observations of different cell types identifying the first cell used mathematics to improve the focus of the lens created the first microscope discovered the electron microscope built microscopes capable of magnification of up to 1250 x using regular light

Answers

Answer is ''Discovered the electron microscope.'' (#5)

Nuris is writing a paper on the scientist who first named cells after studying cork under a microscope. Who is her paper about?

Answers

Hooke is the answer!
Robert Hooke was the first scientist to discover cell. This discovery was made possible by the use of microscope which he invented. With this microscope, Robert examined a cork and noticed pores which filled the entire volume of the thin slices of cork; he called the pores cells. This discovery was made in January 1653.

Which type of RNA is NOT involved in the translation process shown in the image?

Answers

Need the chart and answers bud

What rock gets flattened when Gneiss is formed?

Answers

metamorphic is the answer

Which of the following life processes has evolved and been conserved through nearly every modern organism?

Answers

Answer:

Metabolism

Explanation:

I had the same question

The term coined to signify a drop in testosterone levels in older men is:

Answers

Answer:  "andropause" .
____________________________________________________

A complex, unlearned, and fixed pattern of behavior common to all members of a species is called:

Answers

The answer is:  an "instinct" .
______________________________________________

The complex, unlearned, and fixed pattern of behavior common to all members of a species is called an instinct. Instincts are innate behaviors that are genetically programmed and are typically essential for survival or reproductive success.

These behaviors are not learned or acquired through experience but are instead present from birth. Instincts can include various behaviors such as mating rituals, migration, territorial defense, parental care, and hunting strategies.

They are characteristic of a particular species and are often crucial for the survival and adaptation of individuals within that species.

To learn more about species , here

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why is the body farm important to the field of forensics

Answers

The body farms have contributed a great deal to the field of forensic anthropology. However, many people living near the body farms find these facilities to be disturbing. Many have made the argument that the decomposing corpses will attract insects and scavenging animals.

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The body farms have contributed a great deal to the field of forensic anthropology. However, many people living near the body farms find these facilities to be disturbing. Many have made the argument that the decomposing corpses will attract insects and scavenging animals

Which model of eating disorders includes a "core pathology"?

Answers

There are several factors of Eating disorder. These are being characterized by irregular eating habits and severe distress or concern about body weight or shape. Inadequate or excessive food intake can ultimately damage an individual's well-being. These condition has a treatment once being taken care of.

The model of eating disorders that includes a "core pathology" is the Cognitive-Behavioral Model (CBT) of eating disorders.

According to CBT, an individual's thoughts, beliefs, and attitudes about body image, weight, and food are dysfunctional. This underlying disease causes and maintains disordered eating and skewed cognitions.

Eating disorders are characterised by negative and illogical attitudes about body form, weight, and food, which lead to maladaptive behaviours such restrictive eating, binge eating, and purging, according to CBT. Disordered eating is caused by these problematic ideas.

CBT uses cognitive restructuring to uncover and correct these incorrect attitudes and beliefs, improving food, body image, and self-esteem. CBT targets the core disease to modify behaviour and help eating disorders recover.

Learn more about Cognitive-Behavioral Model, here:

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What are three ways a synthetic polymers affect the environment

Answers

There are two types of polymers, which are natural and synthetic. Although natural polymers do not affect the environment, synthetic polymers do.Synthetic polymers are anything that is manufactured or influenced by humans. Due to this, these types of polymers release reactants which are hazardous; both to humans and the environment.Synthetic polymers, which include plastics, rubber, How do polymers effect the environment?adhesives, and Styrofoam cannot be degraded into the environment, causing a buildup of these chemicals all at once, causing a release of any "excess" chemicals into the environment.From there on, polymers create garbage loads, and chemical reactants that effect the environment, and spread around. Therefore effecting anything grown or eaten around it. This could call chemical poisoning to the greenery, animals, and living organisms around it. Not all polymers are bad. In fact humans are made up of polymers. But polymers from sources such as crude oil synthesized into plastics release toxins as they break down. When you burn plastics synthesized from crude oil feedstock, carbon dioxide and dioxins can be released into the air if smoke is not properly What are the bad effects of polymers on your environment?filtered as they are in high quality waste-to-energy incinerators. Also plastics are non biodegradable and so landfills are used to bury the plastic this takes up space and also costs money because there is not enough room for all the waste. Therefore plastics are banned in some areas.

HOPES THIS INFORMATION HELPS

Answer:

A - Some synthetic polymers use materials from Earth that are nonrenewable.

B - They can end up as waste products that sometimes can’t be recycled.

C - They sometimes release toxins into the environment.

Explanation:

Not D - Synthetics are made so they aren't in limited supply

Not E - While this may be true it has not effect on the environment

Salutations! would you kindly help me out on this question?
The diagram shows embryo development of four different animals. How is this
evidence to sugest that life changes over time?
A: Stiking similarites at early developmental stages is evidence that they came from a common ancestor.
B: Late-stage embyronic development illustrates how aacquired characteristics have caused these to become more differentiated over time.
C: These stages indicate that animals within a species must have changed over time.
D: The DNA of all these life forms begins exaclty the same and then changes over time as it replicates to produce the orgainsms different traits

Answers

Hi there, thanks for asking a question here on Brainly.

The diagram shows embryo development of four different animals. This evidence may suggest that life changes over time by the striking similarites at early developmental stages that came from a common ancestor. 

Answer: Letter A ✅ 

Hope that helps! ★ If you have further questions about this question or need more help, feel free to comment below or post another question and send the link to me. -UnicornFudge aka Qamar

________ is the arrangement in which two dissimilar organisms live together.

Answers

try reading biological association

Scientists are conducting eDNA surveillance. Why would the scientists use a control sample that is known to be from bighead carp?

A: To see if samples contain the same DNA
B: To increase the number of DNA strands
C: To identify a new species of carp
D: To produce multiple banding patterns

Answers

The answer is A. to see if samples contain the same DNA.

Answer: Option A

Explanation: This method employed for the surveillance for the detection of any invasive species in the water sample.

A control sample of the Bighead Carp is used as a control to check whether the sample that is tested includes the same DNA or not.

This method is used to find out whether the sample which is used for testing includes the DNA of any invasive species.

Describe two ways in which analog and digital signals are boosted.​

Answers

Below are the two ways in which analog and digital signals are boosted:

1. amplifier
- Simple signs go through a speaker, an electronic gadget that expands the voltage, or quality, of the signs. 


2. repeater
- Review that a repeater is a gadget that recovers an advanced flag in its unique frame, without the clamor it may have beforehand gathered

N a simple mendelian monohybrid cross, true-breeding tall plants are crossed with short plants, and the f1 plants, which are all tall, are allowed to self-pollinate. what fraction of the f2 generation will be both tall and heterozygous?

Answers

T- tall allele
t- small allele

The parental cross is true-breeding, so: TTx tt

The F1 generation will be all tall heterozygote: Tt

The F2 generation will be between 2 plants with the same genotype:Tt xTt

In this cross it would result in:
 1/4 of the plants being tall homozygote- TT
2/4 of the plants being tall heterozygote- Tt
1/4 of the plants being dwarfs homozygote- tt

answer: 1/2 of the plants are tall heterozygote in F2 generation.



(Select all that apply.) Ecosystems _____.
can be small
can be large
are made of biomes
only have living parts
have nonliving parts

Answers

The answers would be "can be small", "can be large", and "have nonliving parts". This is 100% correct, because I got it right on my lesson.

Answer:

The answers are:

- Can be small

- Can be large

- Have nonliving parts

Explanation:

An ecosystem is a biological system constituted by a community of living organisms and the physical environment where they are related (that is, it is composed of both living and non-living parts). It is a unit composed of interdependent organisms that share the same habitat. A biome is made up of many similar ecosystems, so an ecosystem is much smaller than a biome, although the size of the ecosystems can vary (they can be large or they can be small).

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