lord kelvin described the concept of absolute zero temperature and the laws relating the change of thermal energy

Answer: Observational

Explanation:

The method in which there is a observation of characters without being interfering into their natural processes is known as observational qualitative research.

There are many different types of research method which uses different techniques or experiments to find the desired result.

In this case the moneys are observed in their habitat without being interfering into their habitat. How they walk, how they react, how they eat and many more circumstances are observed only.

The reasoning for this is that it is more difficult to lose two electrons compared to losing just one electron.

Group 1 of the periodic table includes hydrogen and alkali metals. Because they have just one valence electron, group 1 elements are very reactive.

Alkali metals are among the most reactive metals in the periodic table and this is due to their larger atomic radii and low ionization energies. They tend to donate their electrons in reactions and have an oxidation state of +1. 4.

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Answer:

D. Ne

Explanation:

Ne Across a period, increasing nuclear charge outweighs the shielding. So the outermost electrons are held more tightly and ionization energy increases as we go across a period. Ne, being placed at the extreme right end of the second period, has the highest ionization energy among the provided options.

Density is the amount of matter within a given amount of space. 

Water has a density of 1.0 gram per centimeter squared.

Mercury has a density of 13.6 grams per centimeter squared. 

Thus, within the same volume, mercury has more mass than water. Thus, mercury has a higher density. 

Density is an intensive property as it does not depend on the quantity of the substances Whereas mass and volume are extensive property. Mercury is more denser than water.

Density tells about the compactness of the substances, how much dense is the substances in other words. Object that is more denser than water they just sink in the water.

Mathematically,

Density = Mass of the substance ÷volume of substance

From above formula we can see that density is directly proportional to mass of substances at constant volume.

The  volume of  water  and mercury is same that is 1 liter. Since the mass of  mercury that is 13.6 kilograms is more than mass of water that is 1 kilogram. So, the density of mercury is more than the density of water which means mercury is denser than water.

Therefore mercury is more denser than water.

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Answer : The number of moles of oxygen atoms present in a sample is 0.661 moles.

Explanation :

As we know that,

1 mole of substance contains [tex]6.022\times 10^{23}[/tex] number of atoms.

As we are given that:

Number of oxygen atoms = [tex]3.98\times 10^{23}[/tex]

Now we have to determine the moles of oxygen atoms.

As, [tex]6.022\times 10^{23}[/tex] atoms of oxygen present in 1 mole of oxygen

So, [tex]3.98\times 10^{23}[/tex] atoms of oxygen present in [tex]\frac{3.98\times 10^{23}}{6.022\times 10^{23}}=0.661[/tex] mole of oxygen

Therefore, the number of moles of oxygen atoms present in a sample is 0.661 moles.

Answer:

number of gold atoms = [tex]1.528X10^{22}[/tex]

Explanation:

The mass of one atom of gold is given to be = [tex]3.271X10^{-22}[/tex]

The mass of gold is given to be = [tex]5.00g[/tex]

In order to determine the number of atoms present in the 5 g of gold, we will divide the mass of the gold with the mass of each atom of the gold.

the number of atoms = [tex]\frac{massofgold}{massofatom}=\frac{5}{3.271X10^{-22}} =1.528X10^{22}[/tex]

Thus number of gold atoms = [tex]1.528X10^{22}[/tex]

The mass of mercury is divided by density.

100 g / 13.54 g/ml = 7.3855 ml

Since, we only have 3 significant digits in 100 and round the result to 3 significant digits. So, 7.3855 ml = 7.39 ml.

Density is defined as the mass per unit volume it means that mass present in 1 meter cube is called density. The S.I unit of density is kg/m^3 and in C.G.S it is gram/cm^3.

So In above question can understand that density, mass, and volume all are convert to each other it means that if we know any two variable then third one will be calculated easily.  The S.I unit of density is kg/m^3 and in C.G.S it is gram/cm^3.

Mathematically,

Formula for density will be as mentioned below:-

Density = Mass/Volume.

From above formula we can calculate mass which is as follows:-

Mass = Volume × Density.

S.I unti of mass is kilograms and C.G.S unit is gram.

Therefore, The mass of mercury is divided by density.

100 g / 13.54 g/ml = 7.3855 ml

Since, we only have 3 significant digits in 100 and round the result to 3 significant digits. So, 7.3855 ml = 7.39 ml.

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The density given is 1.04 g/mL, or also equivalent to:

density = 1040 kg/m^3

The total mass of seawater is calculated by multiplying density and volume. conversion factor is 1 km = 1000 m:

total mass = (1040 kg/m^3) * (8.01 km^3) * (1000 m / 1 km)^3

total mass = 8.3304 x 10^12 kg

Since Mg2+ is 0.12% by weight, in fraction this is 0.0012 by weight. So:

mass Mg2+ = (8.3304 x 10^12 kg) * 0.0012

mass Mg2+ = 9.996 x 10^9 kg

A solution with a pH of 5 has 100 times the hydrogen ion concentration compared to a solution with a pH of 7, due to the logarithmic nature of the pH scale.

Compared with a pH of 7, a solution of pH 5 has a hydrogen ion concentration that is 100 times greater. The pH scale is logarithmic, meaning that each whole pH unit change corresponds to a tenfold change in hydrogen ion concentration. Therefore, moving from pH 7 to pH 6 increases the hydrogen ion concentration by a factor of 10, and moving again from pH 6 to pH 5 increases it by another factor of 10, thus yielding a total increase by a factor of 100.

To calculate the mass of oxygen per gram of sulfur for sulfur dioxide, determine the molar masses of sulfur and oxygen in each compound and use the given masses of oxygen and sulfur to calculate the ratio.

To calculate the mass of oxygen per gram of sulfur for sulfur dioxide, we need to find the molar masses of sulfur and oxygen in each compound. The molar mass of sulfur dioxide is 32.06 g/mol for sulfur and 2 x 16.00 g/mol for oxygen, while the molar mass of sulfur trioxide is 48.06 g/mol for sulfur and 3 x 16.00 g/mol for oxygen. Using the given masses of oxygen and sulfur for each compound, we can then calculate the mass of oxygen per gram of sulfur.

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Answer is: Identical particles were produced no matter which metal he used.

J.J. Thomson placed two oppositely charged electric plates around the cathode ray. He did experiments using different metals as electrode materials and found that the properties of the cathode ray remained constant no matter what cathode material he used.

Tomson concluded that atoms are divisible and that the corpuscles are their building blocks (atoms are made up of smaller particles).

J. J. Thomson discovered the electron in 1897.

His "plum pudding" model (1904) suggested: the electrons are embedded in the positive charge.

With this model, he abandoned his earlier hypothesis (the atom was composed of immaterial vortices).  

We can solve this problem using Raoults law. The formula for Raoults law is:

P_a = X_a * P

where,

P_a = the partial pressure of substance A

X_a = the mole fraction of substance A

P = total pressure

Therefore calculating for P:

P = P_a / X_a

P = 0.580 atm / 0.35

P = 1.657 atm

0.52 on edg 2020

Explanation:

 For heavy elements the ratio of neutrons to protons that predicts a stable nucleus is 1 .5 : 1

The correct option is b. 1.5 : 1

a) 1:1

b) 1.5:1

c) 2:1

d) 10:5

The orbital designations 4s, 3f, and 2d are valid, while 3d is not valid.

The orbital designations 4s, 3f, and 2d are valid, while 3d is not valid.

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In the context of atomic structure, the invalid orbital designations are 3f and 2d. At the third energy level, 'd' subshell exists but 'f' doesn't. Similarly, at the second energy level, 'd' subshell doesn't exist. Option b and c

In quantum mechanics, orbital designations are used to describe the location and properties of electrons within atoms. They consist of a number that represents the energy level of the electron, and a letter that represents the shape of the orbital (subshell).

Each kind of subshell (represented by s, p, d, f, and continuing onwards alphabetically) exists only from a certain energy level onwards.

The 's' subshell exists from energy level 1 onwards, so 4s is valid.

The 'p' subshell exists from energy level 2 onwards.

The 'd' subshell exists from energy level 3 onwards, so 3d is valid.

The 'f' subshell exists from energy level 4 onwards, so 3f is invalid.

Therefore, orbital designations 3f and 2d are invalid because 'f' and 'd' sublevels do not exist at the 3rd and 2nd energy levels, respectively.

Option b and c

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Answer:

The answer are: a. the law of definite composition; b. the law of conservation of mass; d. the law of multiple proportions

Explanation:

Dalton based his atomic theory on two laws: the law of conservation of mass and the law of definite composition.

The law of conservation of mass says that in a closed system, matter is not created or destroyed. For example, if there is a chemical reaction, the amount of each element of that reaction is the same in the reagents and in the products. While the law of defined composition says that a pure compound will have the same proportion of the elements that make it up. An example, salt, which has a chemical formula NaCl, has the same proportion of sodium and chlorine.

The law of multiple proportions, when two elements come together in different proportions to create different compounds, this means that their atoms come together in different numerical relationships. For example, if an atom of an element A joins with two atoms of element B, the weight ratio of the quantities that bind are in a ratio of 1: 2.