The flavor of beer can be tainted by a trace contaminant, called ortho-bromophenol. To reduce the incidents of contamination, beer manufacturers have used certified beer flavor standards to train professional beer tasters to recognize the flavor of ortho-bromophenol. Preparing these certified standards requires pure samples of ortho-bromophenol. Propose a synthesis of ortho-bromophenol starting from phenol. (Org. Synth. 1934, 14, 14.)
Choose from the reagents below.
A. dilute NaOH
B. conc. fuming, 1 mol H2SO4
C. HBr
D. Br2, FeBr3
E. Zn
F. Dilute H2SO4
G. HNO3
H. Hcl
I. Br2
Answers
Answer:
conc. fuming, 1 mol H2SO4
Dilute NaOH
Br2
Dilute H2SO4
Explanation:
The synthesis of ortho-bromophenol follows the reaction sequence shown in the image attached.
First of all, the phenol is sulphonated using concentrated sulphuric acid at 100°C. Carrying out the reaction at 100°C ensures that the para-isomer predominates. Lower temperatures favour the formation of the ortho isomer. Dilute sodium hydroxide is added before the addition of bromine.
Bromine molecule is then added. The incoming electrophile now attaches to the ortho position. Dilute acid is added at 100°C to remove the -SO3H thereby obtaining the Ortho-bromophenol
Answer:
Check the explanation
Explanation:
Kindly check the attached image below to see the step by step explanation to the question above.
Related Questions
Compared to the ideal angle, you would expect the actual angle between the bromine-oxygen bonds to be
Answers
The expected bond angle between bromine and oxygen, based on hybridization and molecular geometry, would likely be slightly less than the ideal tetrahedral angle of 109.5°, due to electron repulsion effects.
Explanation:The bond angle between bromine and oxygen can be predicted using the concepts of hybridization and molecular geometry. If bromine and oxygen were to form a molecule similar to water (H₂O), one might expect a tetrahedral geometry because the valence orbitals of oxygen consist of one 2s orbital and three 2p orbitals. These combine during hybridization to form four hybrid orbitals that point toward the corners of a tetrahedron. The ideal bond angle for a tetrahedron is 109.5°. However, due to the effects of lone pair repulsion, the actual bond angle would likely be less, similar to how the H-O-H bond angle in water is experimentally found to be 104.5°.
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The actual angle between the bromine-oxygen bonds in BrO3⁻ is expected to be less than 120° due to the presence of the lone pair on the central bromine atom.
The ideal bond angle for a sp³ hybridized central atom is 109.5°. However, the presence of lone pairs on the central atom can distort the bond angles. Lone pairs are more electron-rich than bonding pairs, so they repel the bonding pairs more strongly. This repulsion causes the bond angles to decrease.
In the case of BrO3⁻, the central bromine atom is sp³ hybridized and has one lone pair. The lone pair will repel the two bonding pairs between the bromine and oxygen atoms. This repulsion will cause the bond angles between the bromine and oxygen atoms to decrease from the ideal angle of 120°.
The actual bond angle between the bromine-oxygen bonds in BrO3⁻ has been measured to be 107.1°. This is slightly less than the ideal angle of 120°, as expected.
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The question probable may be:
Compared to the ideal angle 120 ,the central atom Br lone pair 1 How you would expect the actual angle between the bromine-oxygen bonds to be
Consider two cells, the first with Al and Ag electrodes and the second with Zn and Ni electrodes, each in 1.00 M solutions of their ions. If connected as voltaic cells in series, which two metals are plated, and what is the total potential, E ∘ ? Which two metals are plated?
a. Al ( s )
b. Ag ( s )
c. Zn ( s )
d. Ni ( s )
E ∘ =
Answers
Answer:
b. Ag ( s )
d. Ni ( s )
[tex]E^0_{total}[/tex] = 2.97 V
Explanation:
The reduction potentials for the given four (4) electrodes are:
In the first cell:
[tex]Ag^+ + e^- \to Ag \ \ \ \ E^0 = 0.80 \ V \\ \\ \\ Al^{3+} + 3e^- \to Al \ \ \ \ E^0 = - 1.66 \ V[/tex]
In the second cell:
[tex]Zn^{2+} + 2e^- \to Zn \ \ \ E^0 = -0.76 \ V \\ \\ \\ Ni^{2+} + 2e^- \to Ni \ \ \ E^0 =-0.25 \ V[/tex]
Since the cells are connected in series :
[tex]E_{total } > 0[/tex]
Thus; Metal plated in the first cell = Ag
Metal plated in the second cell = Ni
The total potential [tex]E^0_{total}[/tex] = [tex]E^0 {cell \ 1} - E^0 _{cell \ 2}[/tex]
= (0.80 + 1.66 ) V - (0.25 +0.76 ) V
= 2.97 V
In the first cell, silver is plated and in the second cell, nickel is plated.
In a voltaic cell, there is the production of electrical energy via a chemical reaction. We have two cells;
In the first cell, we have Al and Ag electrodes In the second cell we have Zn and Ni electrodesIn the first cell, silver is plated and the Ecell is 2.46 V while in the second cell, nickel is plated with Ecell of 0.51 V.
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A hydrogen atom transitions from the n = 6 excited state to the n = 3 excited state, emitting a photon. a) What is the energy, in electron volts, of the electron in the n = 6 state? How far from the nucleus is the electron? b) What is the energy, in electron volts, of the photon emitted by the hydrogen atom? What is the wavelength of this photon? c) How many different possible photons could the n = 6 electron generate by dropping to a lower level (not just the n = 3 state)? d) After reaching the n = 3 state, the electron absorbs an photon with an energy of 50 eV, which ionizes the hydrogen atom (i.e., the electron reaches n=infinity). What is the wavelength of the electron after it is ejected from the hydrogen ato
Answers
Answer:
Explanation:
a ) energy, in electron volts, of the electron in the n = 6 state
= -13.6 / 6² eV
= - .378 eV .
b )
energy of n=3
= - 13.6 / 3²
= - 1.5111 eV
Difference = - .378 + 1.511
= 1.133 eV
the energy, in electron volts, of the photon emitted by the hydrogen atom
= 1.133 eV
c ) No of possible photons
= 6C₂
= 15
d) energy at n = 3
= - 1.5111 eV
50 eV energy is added to it so its energy
= 50 - 1.5111 eV
= 48.4889 eV .
From De broglie wavelength formula
λ = h / √ mE , m is mass of electron , E is kinetic energy h is plank's constant.
λ = 6.6 x 10⁻³⁴ / √ ( 9.1 x 10⁻³¹ x 48.4889 x 1.6 x 10⁻¹⁹ )
= 6.6 x 10⁻³⁴ / 26.57 x 10⁻²⁵
= .248 x 10⁻⁹ m
= .248 nm .
Compare the number of valence electrons for each to whether or not they donate or receive electrons
Answers
Answer:
Valency electrons is the number outermost electron present in atom of an element . The valency electron of an atom determines the kind of bonding an element undergoes. The valency electrons determines whether an atom of element will either donate electrons or receive electrons.
Explanation:
Valency electrons is the number outermost electron present in atom of an element . The valency electron of an atom determines the kind of bonding an element undergoes. The valency electrons determines whether an atom of element will either donate electrons or receive electrons.
Elements donates or receive electron to attain or fulfill the octet rule and this account for the stability. Most metallic elements donates electrons and because they have few valency electrons , this also contributes to their ability to loose electrons easily . Metallic elements like sodium, magnesium, calcium etc loose electrons during bonding with other non metals. When metals loose electrons they form cations
Non metallic element have high number of valency electron and they tend to receive electrons from metallic elements to attain stability . When they gain electron they form anions.
An example of bonding that involves donating and receiving are bonding between Na and Cl atoms to form NaCl . The metallic sodium loose one electron while the chlorine atom gains one electron to attain the octet rule.
Question 18 A chemist must prepare of sodium hydroxide solution with a pH of at . He will do this in three steps: Fill a volumetric flask about halfway with distilled water. Weigh out a small amount of solid sodium hydroxide and add it to the flask. Fill the flask to the mark with distilled water. Calculate the mass of sodium hydroxide that the chemist must weigh out in the second step. Round your answer to significant digits.
Answers
Answer:
9.0 g
Explanation:
There is some info missing. I think this is the original question.
A chemist must prepare 0.9 L of sodium hydroxide solution with a pH of 13.40 at 25°C. He will do this in three steps: Fill a volumetric flask about halfway with distilled water. Weigh out a small amount of solid sodium hydroxide and add it to the flask. Fill the flask to the mark with distilled water. Calculate the mass of sodium hydroxide that the chemist must weigh out in the second step. Round your answer to 2 significant digits.
Step 1: Calculate the pOH
We use the following expression.
pH + pOH = 14.00
pOH = 14.00 - pH = 14.00 - 13.40 = 0.60
Step 2: Calculate [OH⁻]
We use the following expression.
pOH = -log [OH⁻]
[OH⁻] = antilog -pOH = antilog -0.60 = 0.25 M
Step 3: Calculate [NaOH]
NaOH is a strong base that releases 1 OH⁻. Then, [NaOH] = 0.25 M
Step 4: Calculate the mass of NaOH
The molar mass of NaOH is 40.00 g/mol. The mass required to prepare 0.9 L of a 0.25 M solution is:
[tex]0.9 L \times \frac{0.25mol}{L} \times \frac{40.00g}{mol} = 9.0 g[/tex]
What is the de Broglie wavelength, in cm, of a 11.0-g hummingbird flying at 1.20 x 10^2 mph?
(1 mile=1.61 km.)
Answers
Answer:1.123 x 10^-31cm
Explanation:
mass of humming bird= 11.0g
speed= 1.20x10^2mph
but I mile = 1.6m
1km=1000
I mile = 1.6x10^3m
1.20x10^2mph= 1.6x10^3m /1mile x at 1.20 x 10^2
=1.932 x10^5m
recall that
1 hr= 60 min
1 min=60 secs, 1hr=3600s
Speed = distance/ time
=1.932 x10^5 / 3600= 5.366 x 10 ^1 m/s
m= a 11.0g= 11.0 x 10^-3kg
h=6.626*10^-34 (kg*m^2)/s
Wavelength = h/mu
= 6.626*10^-34/(11 x 10^-3 x 5.366x 10^1)
6.63x10^-34/ 590.26x 10 ^-3= 1.123 x10^-33m
but 1m = 100cm
1.123 x 10 ^-33 x 100 = 1.123 x 10^-31cm
de broglie wavelength of humming bird = 1.123 x 10 ^-31cm
A 35.161 mg sample of a chemical known to contain only carbon, hydrogen, sulfur, and oxygen is put into a combustion analysis apparatus, yielding 62.637 mg of carbon dioxide and 25.641 mg of water. In another experiment, 31.321 mg of the compound is reacted with excess oxygen to produce 13.54 mg of sulfur dioxide. Add subscripts to the formula provided to correctly identify the empirical formula of this compound. Do not change the order of the elements.
Answers
Answer:
The empirical formulae is C6H12S02
Explanation:
1. First we need to obtain the mass of each element in the sample and compound formed
Carbon = (62.637 mg * 12.011 g/mol / 44.009 g/mol) = 17.094 mg of Carbon
Hydrogen = ( 25.641 mg * (2 *1..008 g/mol) / 18.015 g/mol) = 2.869 mg of Hydrogen
Sulphur = (13.54 mg * 32.066 g/mol / 64.066 g/mol) = 6.777 mg of Sulphur
2. Next is to determine the percentage composition. Here we divide the respective mass by the mass of the sample
Carbon = 17.094 / 35.161 * 100 = 48.62 %
Hydrogen = 2.869/ 35.161 *100 = 8.16 %
Sulphur = 6.777/ 31.321 *100 = 21.64 %
Oxygen = (100 - (48.62 + 8.16 + 21.64)) = 21.58 %
3. Next is to divide the mass assuming there are 100 mg by the respective atomic masses to obtain the number of moles
Carbon = 48.62 / 12.011 = 4.048 mol
Hydrogen = 8.16 / 1.008 = 8.095 mol
Sulphur = 21.64 / 32.066 = 0.675 mol
Oxygen = 21.58 / 16.000 = 1.348 mol
Next is to divide by the smallest value
Carbon = 4.048/ 0.675 =5.997 = 6
Hydrogen = 8.095 / 0.675 =11.993 =12
Sulphur = 0.675/ 0.675 = 1
Oxygen = 1.348 / 0.675 = 1.997 = 2
So therefore the empirical formulae of the sample is C6H12SO2
10.3 5-Methylcyclopentadiene undergoes homolytic bond cleavage of a bond to form a radical that exhibits five resonance structures. Determine which hydrogen atom is abstracted and draw all five resonance structures of the resulting radical.
Answers
Answer:
Explanation:
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what is the best definition of nuclear fusion
Answers
Answer:
A nuclear fusion is a nuclear reaction in which atomic nuclei of low atomic number fuse to form a heavier nucleus with the release of energy.
Answer:
Nuclear fusion is the joining of two or more nuclei into one nucleus
Explanation:
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What factors can contribute to the process of desertification? (Site 1)
Answers
Answer:
Some of the factors include:
i. climate change
ii. urbanization
iii. overgrazing
iv. deforestation
v. natural disasters e.g yearly occurrence of wild fire in Austrailian forests
vi. soil erosion
Explanation:
Desertification is a process by which a fertile land degenerates into a desert due to some activities. These activities can either be natural or due to human activities, causing a land to become a desert. It has major effects on plants and animals (either domestic, wild or human).
In the world today, desertification is majorly caused by overgrazing and climate change. But other factors that can contribute to the process of desertification are; soil erosion, urbanization, deforestation, natural disasters etc.
Answer:
There are several reasons why the number of snow leopards is decreasing. Historically, and occasionally still today, snow leopards were hunted for their thick, soft fur.Other times snow leopards are killed by ranchers when the leopards attack their livestock. Humans now use some of the snow leopard’s habitat for farming and mining. This can make the snow leopards or their prey move to different habitats. Conservation groups are working to protect snow leopards and their habitat. Because of this the leopard species has decreased significantly.
Explanation:
Got 100%
Consider the reaction 2H2S(g)⇌2H2(g)+S2(g),Kp=2.4×10−4 (at 1073 K) A reaction mixture contains 0.111 atm of H2, 0.051 atm of S2, and 0.566 atm of H2S. Determine how these conditions compare to equilibrium conditions. Match the words in the left column to the appropriate blanks in the sentences on the right.
Answers
Answer:
Q> Kp
The reaction of the system, will be a shift to the left, the side of the reactants.
Explanation:
Step 1: Data given
Kp = 2.4 * 10^-4
Partial pressure H2 = 0.111 atm
Partial pressure S2 = 0.051 atm
Partial pressure H2S = 0.566 atm
Step 2: The balanced equation
2H2S(g) ⇌ 2H2(g) + S2(g)
Step 3: Calculate Q
Q = (pS2 * (pH2)²) / (pH2S)²
Q = (0.051 * 0.111²) / (0.566²)
Q = 0.00196 =1.96 *10^-3
Q> Kp
Since Q>K, we have more products than reactants (pressure). The reaction of the system, will be a shift to the left, the side of the reactants.
To compare the given conditions to the equilibrium conditions for the reaction, you calculate the reaction quotient (Qp) with the given pressures. Because Qp is less than Kp, the reaction isn't in equilibrium and will shift towards the products to get there.
Explanation:To determine how these conditions compare to equilibrium conditions for the reaction 2H2S(g)⇌2H2(g)+S2(g), you first need to calculate the reaction quotient Qp at the given conditions. You use the equation Qp = [H2]^2*[S2]/[H2S]^2. Insert the given pressures into the equation, so Qp becomes (0.111)^2*(0.051)/(0.566)^2 = 1.13x10^-4.
Since Kp = 2.4*10^-4, and Qp < Kp, the system is not at equilibrium and the reaction will shift towards the products [H2] and [S2] in order to reach equilibrium.
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Write the balanced half‑reaction that occurs at the anode in a hydrogen‑oxygen fuel cell in which an acidic electrolyte is used. A hydrogen fuel cell. H 2 flows into the cell at the negative electrode. O 2 flows into the cell at the positive electrode. Electrons travel through an external circuit from the negative to the positive electrode. Between the two electrodes is an electrolyte solution. Arrows in the electrolyte point from the negative electrode to the positive electrode. anode half-reaction: Write the balanced half‑reaction that occurs at the cathode in a hydrogen‑oxygen fuel cell in which an acidic electrolyte is used. cathode half-reaction: Write the balanced overall cell reaction. overall cell reaction:
Answers
Answer:
Cathode: O2 + 4H+ +4e--------> 2H20
Anode: 2H2 -4e- ---------> 4H+
Overall: 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O
Explanation:
A hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell is an alternative cell to rechargeable cells and batteries. In this cell, hydrogen and oxygen is used to produce voltage and water is the only byproduct.
At the cathode (positive electrode):
O2 + 4H+ +4e--------> 2H2O
At the anode (negative electrode);
2H2 -4e- ---------> 4H+
Adding the two half reactions we have:
2H2 + O2 + 4H+ + 4e- -----------> 2H2O + 4H + 4e-
The overall reaction after cancelling out the like terms in the reaction is:
2H2 (g) + O2 (g) --------> 2H2O (l)
The hydrogen fuel cell is an electrochemical cell in which hydrogen is oxidized and oxygen is reduced.
A fuel cell is an electrochemical cell in which oxygen enters into the positive cathode and hydrogen flows into the negative cathode. Hydrogen is oxidized and oxygen is reduced during the electrochemical reaction.
At the negative electrode;
2H2(g) -----> 4H^+(aq)+ 4e
At the positive electrode;
O2(g) + 4H^+(aq) + 4e -----> 2H2O(l)
The overall reaction is;
2H2(g) + O2(g) -----> 4H^+(aq) + 2H2O(l)
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a) A 25.3 mg sample of sodium carbonate is present in a container.
i) Write the formula of sodium carbonate:
Answers
Answer:
Formula of sodium carbonate is [tex]Na_{2}CO_{3}[/tex].
Explanation:
Sodium carbonate is an ionic compound consists of [tex]Na^{+}[/tex] and [tex]CO_{3}^{2-}[/tex] ions.
In a formula unit of sodium carbonate, there should be two [tex]Na^{+}[/tex] ions and one [tex]CO_{3}^{2-}[/tex] ion to maintain charge neutrality.
In general, formula of an ionic compound consists of [tex]A^{x+}[/tex] and [tex]B^{y-}[/tex] ions is written as : [tex]A_{y}B_{x}[/tex] ([tex]x\neq y[/tex]) and AB ([tex]x= y[/tex])
If x or y is equal to 1 then it is not written explicitly in formula.
So, formula of sodium carbonate = [tex]Na_{2}CO_{3}[/tex]
Final answer:
The formula for sodium carbonate is Na₂CO₃; it is used for various purposes in chemical experiments such as stoichiometry, titration, and hydration analysis.
Explanation:
The formula for sodium carbonate is Na₂CO₃. In the context of these questions, sodium carbonate is often used in stoichiometric calculations, titrations, determining solubility of compounds, and calculating the formula of a hydrated compound by heating the sample to remove water of hydration. A sample of sodium carbonate is specified in different quantities across various experimental setups, which highlights its versatile use in chemical reactions and in the preparation of specific molar concentration solutions.
A weather balloon has a volume of 200.0 L at a pressure of 760 mm Hg. As it rises, the pressure decreases to 282 mm Hg. What is the new volume of the balloon? (Assume constant temperature)
Answers
Answer:
The new volume of the balloon is 539 L
Explanation:
As the volume increases, the gas particles (atoms or molecules) take longer to reach the walls of the container and therefore collide less times per unit time against them. This means that the pressure will be less because it represents the frequency of gas strikes against the walls. In this way, pressure and volume are related, determining Boyle's law that says:
"The volume occupied by a given gas mass at constant temperature is inversely proportional to the pressure"
Boyle's law is expressed mathematically as:
Pressure * Volume = constant
o P * V = k
Having an initial state 1 and an final state 2 will be fulfilled:
P1 * V1 = P2 * V2
So, in this case, you know:
P1= 760 mmHgV1= 200 LP2= 282 mmHgV2= ?Replacing:
760 mmHg*200 L= 282 mmHg*V2
Solving:
[tex]V2=\frac{760 mmHg*200 L}{282 mmHg}[/tex]
V2=539 L
The new volume of the balloon is 539 L
Using Boyle's Law, we calculated the new volume of the weather balloon as approximately 538.7 L when the pressure decreases from 760 mm Hg to 282 mm Hg at constant temperature.
To find the new volume of the weather balloon when the pressure changes, we can use Boyle's Law, which states that the product of the initial pressure and volume is equal to the product of the final pressure and volume, assuming constant temperature.
The formula is:
P₁V₁= P₂V₂
Given: P₁ = 760 mm Hg, V₁ = 200.0 L, P₂ = 282 mm Hg
We need to find V₂.
Rearranging the formula to solve for V₂:
V₂= (P₁V1₁ / P₂)
Substituting the given values:
V₂ = (760 mm Hg * 200.0 L) / 282 mm Hg
V₂ = 152000 mm Hg L / 282 mm Hg
V₂ ≈ 538.7 L
Therefore, the new volume of the balloon is approximately 538.7 L.
ball has a volume of 5.27 liters and is at a temperature of 27.0°C. A pressure gauge attached to the ball reads 0.25 atmosphere. The atmospheric pressure is 1.00 atmosphere.
Answers
Answer:
The absolute pressure inside the ball is 1.25atm.
Explanation:
Given-
Volume, V = 5..27L
Temperature, T = 27°C
Gauge Pressure, Pg = 0.25 atm
Atmospheric pressure, Patm = 1 atm
Absolute pressure, Pabs = ?
We know,
Therefore, absolute pressure inside the ball is 1.25atm.
Answer:
The absolute pressure inside the ball is 1.25 atmospheres.
The ball contains 0.267 moles of air
Explanation:
What happens when the concentration of water inside a cell is lower than the concentration of water outside the cell?
Answers
Answer:
Water outside the cell will flow inwards by osmosis to attain equilibrium
Explanation:
In the hypotonic environment, the concentration of water is greater outside the cell and the concentration of solute is higher inside. A solution outside of a cell has a lower concentration of solutes relative to the cytosol.
If concentrations of dissolved solutes are greater inside the cell, the concentration of water inside the cell is correspondingly lower. As a result, water outside the cell will flow inwards by osmosis to attain equilibrium.
Osmosis is a process by which molecules of a solvent tend to pass from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated one through a semipermeable membrane.
What’s the largest number?
○ 2 x 10^1
○ 5 x 10^3
○ 3 x 10^4
○ 7 x 10^-6
Answers
Answer:
3 x 10^4
Explanation:
○ 2 x 10^1 = 20
○ 5 x 10^3 = 5,000
○ 3 x 10^4 = 30,000
○ 7 x 10^-6 = 7/1,000,000
Answer:
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Pure substances cannot be separated by physical means into simpler substances. True or False?
Answers
Answer:
true
Explanation:
Consider the reaction.
2 upper N upper o upper c l double-headed arrow 2 upper N upper O (g) plus upper C l subscript 2 (g).
At equilibrium, the concentrations are as follows.
[NOCl] = 1.4 ´ 10–2 M
[NO] = 1.2 ´ 10–3 M
[Cl2] = 2.2 ´ 10–3 M
What is the value of Keq for the reaction expressed in scientific notation?
Answers
Answer: The value of Keq for the reaction expressed in scientific notation is [tex]1.6\times 10^{-5}[/tex]
Explanation:
Equilibrium constant is defined as the ratio of concentration of products to the concentration of reactants each raised to the power their stoichiometric ratios.
For the given chemical reaction:
[tex]2NOCl(g)\rightarrow 2NO(g)+Cl_2(g)[/tex]
The expression for [tex]K_{eq}[/tex] is written as:
[tex]K_{eq}=\frac{[NO]^2\times [Cl_2]}{[NOCl]^2}[/tex]
[tex]K_{eq}=\frac{(1.2\times 10^{-3})^2\times (2.2\times 10^{-3})}{(1.4\times 10^{-2})^2}[/tex]
[tex]K_{eq}=1.6\times 10^{-5}[/tex]
The value of Keq for the reaction expressed in scientific notation is [tex]1.6\times 10^{-5}[/tex]
Answer:
its A
Explanation:
Give TWO examples of energy conversion that produces unwanted forms of energy.
Answers
For example, consider the energy used by an electric fan. The amount of electrical energy used is greater than the kinetic energy of the moving fan blades. Because energy is always conserved, some of the electrical energy flowing into the fan's motor is obviously changed into unusable or unwanted forms.
In a car engine, the chemical energy in the fuel converts into mechanical energy, but also produces unwanted heat and sound energy. In electric lighting, electrical energy becomes light energy, but also generates unnecessary heat energy.
Explanation:Examples of Energy ConversionThe first example is a car engine. When a car engine operates, the chemical energy in the fuel is converted into mechanical energy that moves the car. However, this process also produces unwanted forms of energy, such as heat and sound energy. The heat is generated due to the combustion of fuel, and the sound is created due to the movement of engine parts. This wasted energy reduces the overall efficiency of the energy conversion process.
The second example is electric lighting. The electrical energy that is input into the lightbulb gets converted into light energy, which is useful. But at the same time, unwanted heat energy is also produced. This heat energy is unhelpful and represents inefficiency in the energy conversion process.
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Consider the following reaction at equilibrium. What effect will adding 1.4 mole of He to the reaction mixture have on the system? 2 H2S(g) + 3 O2(g) ⇌ 2 H2O(g) + 2 SO2(g) Consider the following reaction at equilibrium. What effect will adding 1.4 mole of He to the reaction mixture have on the system? 2 H2S(g) + 3 O2(g) ⇌ 2 H2O(g) + 2 SO2(g) The reaction will shift to the left in the direction of reactants. No effect will be observed. The reaction will shift to the right in the direction of products. The equilibrium constant will increase. The equilibrium constant will decrease.
Answers
Adding 1.4 moles of He to the reaction mixture will have no effect on the equilibrium of the system.
Explanation:Adding 1.4 moles of He to the reaction mixture will have no effect on the system. The equilibrium of the reaction will not shift to the left or right, and there will be no change in the equilibrium constant. This is because He is considered an inert gas and does not participate in the reaction.
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Consider your experimental results from Part A of this lab. Suppose your strongest reducing agent were added to your strongest oxidizing agent. (Use the lowest possible coefficients. Omit states-of-matter from your answers.) (a) Write the half-reaction for your strongest reducing agent. chemPadHelp (b) Write the half-reaction for your strongest oxidizing agent. chemPadHelp (c) Note the number of electrons in each half reaction. In order to balance the number of electrons lost and gained, the oxidation half-reaction must be multiplied by and the reduction half-reaction must be multiplied by (d) Write the net redox reaction. chemPadHelp
Answers
Answer:
See Explaination
Explanation:
We can define an oxidizing agent as a reactant that removes electrons from other reactants during a redox reaction. The oxidizing agent typically takes these electrons for itself, thus gaining electrons and being reduced. An oxidizing agent is thus an electron acceptor.
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In this example, the strongest reducing agent is Aluminum (Al) and the strongest oxidizing agent is the dichromate ion (Cr₂O₇²¯). They both involve 6 electrons in their respective half-reactions. Balancing and summing these half-reactions give the net redox reaction.
Explanation:To answer your experimental lab results query about redox reactions, we first identify our strongest oxidizing agent and reducing agent. An oxidizing agent is a substance that tends to oxidize other substances, meaning it is reduced. Conversely, a reducing agent reduces other substances while being oxidized itself.
Your strongest reducing agent might be represented by this half-reaction: 2Al(s) → 2Al³+ + 6e⁻, and your strongest oxidizing agent might be represented by: Cr₂O₇²¯ + 14H⁺ + 6e⁻ → 2Cr³+ + 7H₂0. Here, aluminum (Al) is losing electrons, so it's oxidized, and dichromate ion (Cr₂O₇²¯) is gaining electrons, so it's reduced.
So, identifying the number of electrons involved: Reducing half-reaction (Aluminum) = 6 electrons, Oxidizing half-reaction (Chromium) = 6 electrons. As the number of electrons in both half-reactions is equal, no multiplication is needed to balance them.
Now, combining these half-reactions to form the net redox reaction gives us: 2Al(s) + Cr₂O₇²¯ + 14H⁺ → 2Al³+ + 2Cr³+ + 7H₂0.
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Bison are found in grasslands.
They spend much of their time in herds eating grasses and other small plants.
What kind of teeth do bison likely have?
Answers
Answer: Broad, flat teeth for grinding.
Explanation:
Bison are large herbivorous mammals. These belong to the family of Bovidae. They create habitat on the Great Plains and grassland for many different species. Bison are called a keystone species. As the bison forage they cause aeration of soil. This promotes plant growth. They have broad, and flat teeth which help them to grind food. These mammals appear in herd which helps in maintaining a balanced ecosystem.
Calculate the pressure exerted by 66.0 g of CO2 gas at -14.5°C that occupies a volume of 50.0 L
Answers
The pressure exerted by 66.0 g of CO₂ gas at -14.5°C that occupies a volume of 50.0 L is 0.636 atm.
How do we calculate pressure?Pressure of any gas will be calculated by using the ideal gas equation as:
PV = nRT, where
P = pressure of gas = ?
V = volume of gas = 50L
R = universal gas constant = 0.082 L.atm/K.mol
T = temperature of gas = -14.5°C = 258.65 K
n is moles of gas and it will be calculated as:
n = W/M, where
W = given mass of CO₂ = 66g
M = molar mass of CO₂ = 44 g/mol
n = 66/44 = 1.5 moles
On putting values we get
P = (1.5)(0.082)(258.65) / (50)
P = 0.636 atm
Hence required pressure is 0.636 atm.
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To calculate the pressure exerted by a gas, we can use the Ideal Gas Law equation and convert the given values to the appropriate units. Then, plug these values into the equation to calculate the pressure.
Explanation:To calculate the pressure exerted by a gas, we can use the Ideal Gas Law equation:
PV = nRT
Where P is the pressure, V is the volume, n is the number of moles of gas, R is the ideal gas constant, and T is the temperature in Kelvin. Rearranging the equation to solve for pressure, we have:
P = (nRT) / V
In this case, we are given the mass of CO2 gas (66.0 g), the volume (50.0 L), and the temperature in Celsius (-14.5°C). First, we need to convert the mass to moles using the molar mass of CO2.
Next, we need to convert the temperature to Kelvin by adding 273.15. Once we have the number of moles and the temperature in Kelvin, we can plug these values into the equation to calculate the pressure.
Which option is a solution that is 20% (v/v) methanol in water?
Answers
Answer:
Explanation:
1.The solution contains 20 mL of methanol and 100 mL of water.
2.The solution contains 20 mL of methanol and 80 mL of water.
3.The solution contains 20 g of methanol and 100 mL of water.
4.The solution contains 20 g of methanol and 80 mL of water.
Answer:
20 % volume/volume methanol in water contains 20 mL of methanol and 80 mL of water.
Explanation:
Total volume of the solution= 20 + 80 = 100 mL
One possible mechanism for the gas phase reaction of hydrogen with nitrogen monoxide is: step 1: H2(g) + 2 NO (g) → N2O (g) + H2O (g) step 2: N2O (g) + H2 (g) → N2 (g) + H2O (g) Identify the molecularity of each step in the mechanism. (1, 2, or 3) Step 1 _______ Step 2 ________
Answers
Answer:
step 1 is trimolecular while step 2 is bimolecular.
Explanation:
Molecularity of an elementary reaction is defined the number of molecules that come together to react in a given elementary (single-step) reaction. It is equal to the sum of stoichiometric coefficients of reactants in that elementary reaction. Depending on the number of molecules that come together in an elementary step, a reaction can be designated as; unimolecular, bimolecular or trimolecular.
The kinetic order of any elementary reaction or reaction step is equal to its molecularity, and the rate equation of an elementary reaction can easily be determined by inspection, from the molecularity.
For a complex (multistep) reaction, the kinetic order of reaction is not determined from the molecularity since molecularity only describes elementary reactions or steps.
From our discussion above we can see that, step 1 is trimolecular while step 2 is bimolecular.
which term is defined as the sum of protons and neutrons in an atomic number?
a) charge number
b) mass number
c) atomic number
d) balance number
Answers
Answer: B) Mass Number
Answer:
C. Mass Number
Explanation:
took the test and got 100% so i know its right
Consider these generic half-reactions. Half-reaction E° (V) X+(aq)+e−⟶X(s) 1.52 Y2+(aq)+2e−⟶Y(s) −1.17 Z3+(aq)+3e−⟶Z(s) 0.84 Identify the strongest oxidizing agent. X+ Y2+ X Z Y Z3+ Identify the weakest oxidizing agent. X Z3+ Y Y2+ Z X+ Identify the strongest reducing agent. Z3+ X+ Y2+ Z X Y Identify the weakest reducing agent. Y Z X+ X Y2+ Z3+ Which substances can oxidize Z ?
Answers
The strongest reducing agent Y2+ and the weakest reducing agent is X+.
The more positive the reduction potential of a specie is, the better it serves as an oxidizing agent and is better able to accept electrons. In a nutshell, the specie that has a higher positive reduction potential is a better oxidizing agent. The reducing agent is the specie that has the most negative reduction potential.
Looking the half reaction equations;
X+(aq)+e−⟶X(s) 1.52 VY2+(aq)+2e−⟶Y(s) −1.17 V Z3+(aq)+3e−⟶Z(s) 0.84 VWe can see that the strongest oxidizing agent is X+, the weakest oxidizing agent is Y2+, the strongest reducing agent Y2+ and the weakest reducing agent is X+.
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Final answer:
The strongest oxidizing agent is Y2+(aq), the weakest oxidizing agent is X+(aq), the strongest reducing agent is Z3+(aq), the weakest reducing agent is Y(s), and substances with a higher reduction potential than Z3+(aq) can oxidize Z.
Explanation:
The strongest oxidizing agent can be identified by looking at the reduction potentials of the half-reactions. The half-reaction with the highest reduction potential is Y2+ → Y(s), with a reduction potential of -1.17 V. Therefore, Y2+(aq) is the strongest oxidizing agent.
The weakest oxidizing agent can be identified by looking at the reduction potentials of the half-reactions. The half-reaction with the lowest reduction potential is X+(aq) → X(s), with a reduction potential of 1.52 V. Therefore, X+(aq) is the weakest oxidizing agent.
The strongest reducing agent can be identified by looking at the reduction potentials of the half-reactions. The half-reaction with the highest reduction potential is Z3+(aq) → Z(s), with a reduction potential of 0.84 V. Therefore, Z3+(aq) is the strongest reducing agent.
The weakest reducing agent can be identified by looking at the reduction potentials of the half-reactions. The half-reaction with the lowest reduction potential is Y(s) → Y2+(aq), with a reduction potential of -1.17 V. Therefore, Y(s) is the weakest reducing agent.
Substances that have a higher reduction potential than Z3+(aq), which is 0.84 V, can oxidize Z.
A compound contains only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Combustion of 139.1 g of the compound yields 208.6 g of CO2 and 56.93 g of H2O. The molar mass of the compound is 176.1 g/mol. *Each part of this problem should be submitted separately to avoid losing your work* 1. Calculate the grams of carbon (C) in 139.1 g of the compound: grams 2. Calculate the grams of hydrogen (H) in 139.1 g of the compound. grams 3. Calculate the grams of oxygen (O) in 139.1 g of the compound. grams
Answers
Answer:
1. Mass of Carbon is 56.89g
2. Mass of Hydrogen is 6.33g
3. Mass of Oxygen is 75.88
Explanation:
The following were obtained from the question.
Mass of the compound = 139.1g
Mass of CO2 produced = 208.6g
Mass of H2O produced = 56.93
1. Determination of mass of Carbon (C). This is illustrated below:
Molar Mass of CO2 = 12 + (2x16) = 44g/mol
Mass of C = 12/44 x 208.6
Mass of C = 56.89g
2. Determination of the mass of Hydrogen (H). This is illustrated below:
Molar Mass of H2O = (2x1) + 16 = 18g/mol
Mass of H = 2/18 x 56.93
Mass of H = 6.33g
3. Determination of the mass of oxygen (O).
This is illustrated below:
Mass of the compound = 139.1g
Mass of C = 56.89g
Mass of H = 6.33g
Mass of O = Mass of compound - (mass of C + Mass of H)
Mass of O = 139.1 - (56.89 + 6.33)
Mass of O = 139.1 - 63.22
Mass of O = 75.88